컴퓨팅의 역사

첫 번째 주판

바빌로니아 주판 은 계산을 수행 하는 시간을 줄이기 위해 개발되었습니다 .

이전 장에서 언급했듯이 우리는 바빌론 사람들이 복잡한 계산을 발명했다고 믿습니다.

기원전 2700-2300년 기간은 아마도 60자리 숫자 체계의 차수를 정의하는 연속적인 열의 표인 주판의 첫 등장을 보았을 것입니다.

주판 2.0

Roman Abacus 는 10자리 로마 숫자를 사용하여 계산을 수행 하는 시간을 줄였습니다 .

이미지: 1911 브리태니커 백과사전(공개 도메인).

로마인들은 바빌론 사람들이 사용했던 이전 주판의 10진수 휴대용 버전인 로마 주판을 개발했습니다.

이것은 세계 최초의 휴대용 컴퓨터였습니다. 로마 엔지니어, 상인 및 세금 징수원이 사용합니다.

아날로그 컴퓨터

The Difference Engine (Charles Babbage 1822) was a mechanical machine designed to Reduce the Time to calculate complex mathematical functions.

The Analytical Engine (Charles Babbage 1833) was a mechanical machine designed with modern computer elements like arithmetic, logic, and memory.

Both these "computers" used 10 digit (decimal) mechanical cogwheels to perform mathematical calculations:

(Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine. Science Museum. London)

Digital Computers

Digital Computers use 0/1 switches to perform calculations. They operate on binary values like 11100110 in contrast to analog values like 230.

Try It Yourself:

The first Electric Digital Computer was designed and built by Konrad Zuse in Germany (1941).

It used 2600 electrical relays as 0/1 switches. The clock speed was about 5 Hz.

Replica of the Zuse Z3. Deutsches Museum. Munich.

Electronic Computers

First generation Computers (1945-1950) used vacuum tubes as binary switches.

Vacuum tubes are much faster than electrical relays.

The clock speed of these computers was between 500 KHz and 1 Mhz.

Second Generation Computers

Second generation Computers (1950-1960) used transistors as binary 0/1 switches.

Transistors are much faster than vacuum tubes.

Third Generation Computers

Third generation Computers (1960) used integrated circuits as binary switches.

Integrated circuits are much faster than transistors.

Computer Speed

The first electrical computer could do 5 instructions per second.

The first electronic computer did 5000 instructions per second.

The first PC did 5 million instructions per second.

AMD was the first PC to reach 1 billion instructions per second.

Today, IPhone 12 can do 11 billion instructions per second.

When Did it Start? Where Will it End?

From the history above you can extract:

• Computers were designed to do calculations
• Charles Babbage created the first mechanical computer
• The first digital computers used electromechanical switches
• Vacuum tubes are much faster than electromechanical switches
• Transistors are much faster than vacuum tubes
• Integrated circuits are much faster than transistors
• Tomorrow's computes will be faster than the human brain?

Smarter Than Humans?

If we believe in Moores Law:

In 2020, computers have the capacity of a mouse brain.

In 2030, computers might have the capacity of a human brain:

Source: Ray Kurzweil